Faster way of obtaining latest event update time

Instead of using MAX(events.updated_at) we can simply sort the events in
descending order by the "id" column and grab the first row. In other
words, instead of this:

    SELECT max(events.updated_at) AS max_id
    FROM events
    LEFT OUTER JOIN projects   ON projects.id   = events.project_id
    LEFT OUTER JOIN namespaces ON namespaces.id = projects.namespace_id
    WHERE events.author_id IS NOT NULL
    AND events.project_id IN (13083);

we can use this:

    SELECT events.updated_at AS max_id
    FROM events
    LEFT OUTER JOIN projects   ON projects.id   = events.project_id
    LEFT OUTER JOIN namespaces ON namespaces.id = projects.namespace_id
    WHERE events.author_id IS NOT NULL
    AND events.project_id IN (13083)
    ORDER BY events.id DESC
    LIMIT 1;

This has the benefit that on PostgreSQL a backwards index scan can be
used, which due to the "LIMIT 1" will at most process only a single row.
This in turn greatly speeds up the process of grabbing the latest update
time. This can be confirmed by looking at the query plans. The first
query produces the following plan:

    Aggregate  (cost=43779.84..43779.85 rows=1 width=12) (actual time=2142.462..2142.462 rows=1 loops=1)
      ->  Index Scan using index_events_on_project_id on events  (cost=0.43..43704.69 rows=30060 width=12) (actual time=0.033..2138.086 rows=32769 loops=1)
            Index Cond: (project_id = 13083)
            Filter: (author_id IS NOT NULL)
    Planning time: 1.248 ms
    Execution time: 2142.548 ms

The second query in turn produces the following plan:

    Limit  (cost=0.43..41.65 rows=1 width=16) (actual time=1.394..1.394 rows=1 loops=1)
      ->  Index Scan Backward using events_pkey on events  (cost=0.43..1238907.96 rows=30060 width=16) (actual time=1.394..1.394 rows=1 loops=1)
            Filter: ((author_id IS NOT NULL) AND (project_id = 13083))
            Rows Removed by Filter: 2104
    Planning time: 0.166 ms
    Execution time: 1.408 ms

According to the above plans the 2nd query is around 1500 times faster.
However, re-running the first query produces timings of around 80 ms,
making the 2nd query "only" around 55 times faster.

app/models/event.rb

@@ -63,6 +63,12 @@ class Event < ActiveRecord::Base
             Event::PUSHED, ["MergeRequest", "Issue"],
             [Event::CREATED, Event::CLOSED, Event::MERGED])
     end
+
+    def latest_update_time
+      row = select(:updated_at, :project_id).reorder(id: :desc).take
+
+      row ? row.updated_at : nil
+    end
   end
 
   def proper?

app/views/dashboard/projects/index.atom.builder

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ xml.feed "xmlns" => "http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom", "xmlns:media" => "http://sear
   xml.link    href: dashboard_projects_url(format: :atom, private_token: current_user.try(:private_token)), rel: "self", type: "application/atom+xml"
   xml.link    href: dashboard_projects_url, rel: "alternate", type: "text/html"
   xml.id      dashboard_projects_url
-  xml.updated @events.maximum(:updated_at).strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ") if @events.any?
+  xml.updated @events.latest_update_time.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ") if @events.any?
 
   @events.each do |event|
     event_to_atom(xml, event)

app/views/groups/show.atom.builder

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ xml.feed "xmlns" => "http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom", "xmlns:media" => "http://sear
   xml.link    href: group_url(@group, format: :atom, private_token: current_user.try(:private_token)), rel: "self", type: "application/atom+xml"
   xml.link    href: group_url(@group), rel: "alternate", type: "text/html"
   xml.id      group_url(@group)
-  xml.updated @events.maximum(:updated_at).strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ") if @events.any?
+  xml.updated @events.latest_update_time.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ") if @events.any?
 
   @events.each do |event|
     event_to_atom(xml, event)

app/views/projects/show.atom.builder

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ xml.feed "xmlns" => "http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom", "xmlns:media" => "http://sear
   xml.link    href: namespace_project_url(@project.namespace, @project, format: :atom, private_token: current_user.try(:private_token)), rel: "self", type: "application/atom+xml"
   xml.link    href: namespace_project_url(@project.namespace, @project), rel: "alternate", type: "text/html"
   xml.id      namespace_project_url(@project.namespace, @project)
-  xml.updated @events.maximum(:updated_at).strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ") if @events.any?
+  xml.updated @events.latest_update_time.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ") if @events.any?
 
   @events.each do |event|
     event_to_atom(xml, event)

app/views/users/show.atom.builder

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ xml.feed "xmlns" => "http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom", "xmlns:media" => "http://sear
   xml.link    href: user_url(@user, :atom), rel: "self", type: "application/atom+xml"
   xml.link    href: user_url(@user), rel: "alternate", type: "text/html"
   xml.id      user_url(@user)
-  xml.updated @events.maximum(:updated_at).strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ") if @events.any?
+  xml.updated @events.latest_update_time.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ") if @events.any?
 
   @events.each do |event|
     event_to_atom(xml, event)

spec/models/event_spec.rb

@@ -64,4 +64,25 @@ describe Event do
     it { expect(@event.branch_name).to eq("master") }
     it { expect(@event.author).to eq(@user) }
   end
+
+  describe '.latest_update_time' do
+    describe 'when events are present' do
+      let(:time) { Time.utc(2015, 1, 1) }
+
+      before do
+        create(:closed_issue_event, updated_at: time)
+        create(:closed_issue_event, updated_at: time + 5)
+      end
+
+      it 'returns the latest update time' do
+        expect(Event.latest_update_time).to eq(time + 5)
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe 'when no events exist' do
+      it 'returns nil' do
+        expect(Event.latest_update_time).to be_nil
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end